Deborah Squash — She Risked Everything to Escape Slavery 

Freedom Seeker • Revolutionary War Era Refugee • Symbol of Black Resistance

Three primary sources preserve the remarkable paper trail surrounding Deborah Squash’s pursuit of freedom. Lund Washington’s handwritten list places her among the enslaved people who escaped Mount Vernon during the Revolutionary War. The Book of Negroes records her years later as a woman who had reached New York and was preparing to leave for Nova Scotia with her husband. George Washington’s letter reveals the effort to recover those who had escaped, placing Deborah’s name within a larger struggle over whether freedom promised by the British would be honored. Together, these documents transform a name into evidence of a deliberate journey toward liberty.

Overview:

Deborah Squash (ca. 1763 - unknown) was an enslaved teenager at Mount Vernon who escaped during the American Revolution in search of freedom. Around age sixteen, she seized an opportunity in April 1781 when British ships sailed near George Washington’s plantation. Like many enslaved people, Deborah saw the war as a chance to gain liberty in a society that denied her basic rights. She boarded a British ship called the Savage and left behind the place where she had been enslaved. Her decision was dangerous. Thousands of people who escaped to British lines faced hunger, disease, and death. Even after the war ended, George Washington tried to recover people who had escaped from him. Deborah avoided recapture and later appeared in the historical record as a free Black refugee preparing to leave New York for Nova Scotia, showing how enslaved people actively fought for their own freedom. 

Quick Facts:

• Born ca.1763, possibly in Virginia

• Enslaved at Mount Vernon by George Washington

• Escaped in April 1781 at about sixteen years old

• Boarded the British vessel Savage during raids along the Potomac River

• Left Mount Vernon with other enslaved people seeking freedom

• Survived war, disease, and displacement after escaping

• Appeared in the Book of Negroes in 1783

• Recorded as married to Harry Squash by 1783

• Relocated with Black Loyalists leaving New York for Nova Scotia

• One of many enslaved people Washington attempted to recover after the war

• Died: Unknown; later life documented in Nova Scotia after 1783. 

Why This Story Matters:

Deborah Squash matters because her story challenges simple ideas about freedom during the American Revolution. Educationally, her life teaches that enslaved people were not passive observers during the founding of the United States—they made difficult decisions and shaped history themselves. Economically, Deborah’s story shows how slavery treated human beings as property with financial value attached to them. Politically, her escape reveals contradictions inside a revolution built around liberty while slavery continued. Her story also reminds us that Black women faced unique risks because of race, age, gender, and enslavement. By studying Deborah Squash, students can better understand that freedom in early America did not mean the same thing for everyone. 

Legacy:

Deborah Squash’s legacy is not based on speeches, wealth, or political office. Her legacy comes from action. As a teenager, she made a dangerous choice that challenged one of the most powerful men in America and the system of slavery itself. Her story forces people to reconsider who the founders were building freedom for and who remained excluded. Deborah’s survival and appearance in historical records also matter because many enslaved women disappeared from written history completely. Today, her story helps expand how Americans understand the Revolutionary War by showing that Black women were not only witnesses to history—they shaped it through their choices and resistance. 

Discussion Questions:

1. Deborah Squash escaped from the home of George Washington, a leader often called the “Father of His Country.” How does her story change or complicate what students learn about the founding of the United States?

2. Deborah was only about sixteen years old when she escaped. What risks would a teenager face when leaving everything behind during wartime, and why might freedom still have felt worth that danger?

3. Many textbooks focus on famous political leaders during the Revolution. How might people’s understanding of American history change if stories of enslaved Black women were included just as often?

Reflection Prompt:

1. Deborah Squash was young, enslaved, Black, and female—identities that shaped how much power society gave her. How might learning stories like Deborah’s affect a student’s sense of belonging, identity, or understanding of who helped shape the nation’s history? 

Sources & Further Reading:

1. Gehred, Kathryn. “Escaping General Washington: The Story of Deborah Squash.” The Washington Papers, 2017. 

2. Washington, George. Letter from George Washington to Guy Carleton. Letter / Manuscript. May 6, 1783. Miscellaneous Papers of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789. Record Group 360. National Archives. 

3. Washington, Lund. List of Enslaved People Who Escaped on the H.M.S. Savage. Manuscript / List Record. 1781. MS-5084. Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, Mount Vernon Digital Collections. 

4. “Deborah: Inspection Roll of Negroes, Book 1, Page 4.” Manuscript / Inspection Roll Record. April 27, 1783. Book of Negroes, British Evacuation Records. Museum of the American Revolution. 

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