O. W. Gurley - He Helped Lay the Foundation for Tulsa's Black Wall Street

Entrepreneur • Real Estate Developer • Community Builder

O. W. Gurley believed that economic opportunity began with ownership. His vision for Tulsa's Greenwood District helped create a thriving community where Black entrepreneurs could establish businesses, build wealth, and support one another during an era when segregation limited opportunities elsewhere. While Gurley's portrait reminds us of the man whose leadership helped shape this remarkable district, the historic marker commemorates the enduring legacy of Black Wall Street—a place whose success became a national symbol of African American enterprise and resilience. Together, these images illustrate how one individual's commitment to community investment and economic self-determination helped create a legacy that continues to inspire generations. Gurley's story reminds us that lasting change is often built not by a single business, but by creating opportunities for an entire community to prosper.

Overview:

Ottawa W. Gurley (1868 - 1935) commonly known as O.W. Gurley, was an educator, entrepreneur, real estate developer, and community leader who played a major role in creating Tulsa's Greenwood District, later known as Black Wall Street. Born on December 25, 1868, in Huntsville, Alabama, to formerly enslaved parents, Gurley moved with his family to Arkansas as a child. He attended Branch Normal College and worked as a teacher and postal employee before participating in the Oklahoma Land Rush.

In 1905, Gurley and his wife Emma moved to Tulsa and purchased land in what became Greenwood. He built businesses, sold property, and helped create opportunities for African Americans seeking economic independence. His investments helped transform Greenwood into one of the most successful Black business communities in the United States. Before the Tulsa Massacre of 1921, Gurley was one of the wealthiest Black men in Oklahoma and a leading figure in Tulsa's Black community. His vision, leadership, and commitment to economic self-determination helped lay the foundation for what became one of the most celebrated examples of African American entrepreneurship in American history.

Quick Facts:

• His first name appears in historical records as Ottawa, Ottowa, and Ottaway, but he is best known as O.W. Gurley. 

• Born on December 25, 1868, in Huntsville, Alabama

• Son of formerly enslaved parents

• Studied at Branch Normal College in Arkansas

• Worked as a teacher and U.S. Postal Service employee

• Participated in the Oklahoma Land Rush of 1893

• Purchased land that became part of Tulsa's Greenwood District

• Built hotels, stores, and commercial properties in Greenwood

• Helped found Vernon AME Church in Tulsa

• Served as a sheriff's deputy before the Tulsa Massacre

• Died in Los Angeles, California, on August 6, 1935

Why This Story Matters:

O.W. Gurley matters because he helped build a thriving African American business district during a time when segregation limited opportunities for Black Americans. Through real estate, business development, education, and community leadership, he helped create a place where African Americans could own businesses, find employment, and build wealth.

Gurley's success challenged the idea that economic and political power belonged only to white Americans. He supported the growth of Black-owned businesses and helped establish institutions that strengthened the Greenwood community. His story also helps people understand what was lost during the Tulsa Massacre. Learning about Gurley reveals both the achievements of Black communities and the devastating impact of racial violence on families, businesses, and generations of wealth.

Legacy:

O.W. Gurley's legacy is closely tied to both the remarkable success of Tulsa's Greenwood District and the devastating destruction brought by the Tulsa Massacre of 1921. One of his greatest accomplishments was helping develop Greenwood, later known as Black Wall Street. Through his vision and investment, he purchased land, created residential and commercial lots, and supported Black-owned businesses throughout the community. Greenwood grew into a thriving center of commerce that included hotels, grocery stores, theaters, professional offices, churches, and other enterprises. The district became one of the most successful African American business communities in the nation's history.

Gurley's work demonstrated how African Americans could build prosperous communities through education, entrepreneurship, property ownership, and cooperation, even in the face of segregation and discrimination. The businesses and institutions he supported created opportunities for thousands of people and helped foster economic independence within the Black community.

The Tulsa Massacre brought much of that progress to a sudden and tragic end, destroying businesses, homes, and generations of accumulated wealth. Yet Gurley's story remains an enduring reminder of both what was achieved and what was lost. Today, he is remembered as a visionary leader whose efforts helped create one of the most remarkable examples of Black economic success in American history. His life continues to inspire discussions about opportunity, resilience, justice, and the importance of preserving histories that have too often been overlooked.

Discussion Questions:

1. O.W. Gurley believed that businesses, schools, churches, and professionals could strengthen an entire community when they worked together. Why is it important for a community to have institutions that are owned and led by the people who live there? 

2. Greenwood became a place where African Americans could own businesses, buy property, and support one another during segregation. Why might creating spaces where people feel represented and welcomed be important for a community's sense of belonging and success?

3. Many Americans learn about the Tulsa Massacre before learning about the success of Greenwood itself. How does focusing only on the destruction, instead of both the achievement and the loss, change the way people understand Black history?

Reflection Prompt:

1. If you could improve your school or community by creating one new business, organization, or program, what would you build? Who would it help, and why? 

Sources & Further Reading:

1. BlackPast.org. O. W. Gurley (1868–1935). Website.

2. Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Ottawa (O. W.) Gurley (1868–1935). Website. 

3.  The Tulsa Star. Advertisement for the Gurley Hotel. Newspaper Advertisement. November 1, 1913. Oklahoma Historical Society. 

4. Tulsa Historical Society & Museum. Colored Citizens Relief Committee and East End Welfare Board Following the Tulsa Race Massacre. Photograph. 1921. 

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